雅思写作 如何正确使用定语从句

       在雅思写作中，中国学生经常会使用定语从句，也是学生自认为熟练用的得心应手的一个句式，然而大量使用定语从句却导致雅思写作均分一直停滞不前甚至无法突破5.5，很多同学归咎于定语从句使用频率太频繁而导致分数不高，而事实又是怎样的呢？

原因一、定语从句使用方法不当

       许多雅思考生在使用定语从句的时候似乎有一个通识，因为which使用次数更少，所以在定语从句中which会比that使用分数更高，这其实是一个误区，因为which不能取代that在所有的定语从句中的使用。

1、两者可以互换的地方，which可以取代that，如指代一般物：

Eg：The amount of the rubbish that we produce is increasing at an alarming rate.
这种情况下which完全可以替代that，同时建议考生当that和which在定语从句中充当宾语的情况下能省略就省略。如：The problem that has been under debate for several decades is that the basic facilities and infrastructure are unlikely to satisfy the needs of more tourists.

2、只能使用which的情况，使用that会出现语法错误：

Eg：Students living in their own homes would live a more comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which has a beneficial impact on the development of their personal character.

或者：Television, the most pervasive means of entertainment for the average public, is advancing towards an entirely new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which is likely to reshape the world.

       两句例句之所以不能用that是因为which在文章中指代的是前面的整句话，所以which后面的谓语动词用的也是单三形式。当which在从句里面用来表示前面整句话造成的影响时，which前面要用逗号，谓语动词用单数。

3、which不能取代that的情况：

A：如果是all、little、much、few、everything、none等不定代词做先行词时，关系代词用that而不用which。

Eg1：Many people hold the view that they can do nothing to protect the fragile environment, and everything that does have good impacts on the environment can only be implemented with the political will.

Eg2：There would be few that could pursue a career without future.

B：如果先行词不仅有人还有物，此时只能用that，不能用which。

Eg1：There are a great number of ignorant people and large companies that sacrifice the environment to get the maximum profits.

Eg2: The most important thing is concerned with the reaction of workers and factories that do not agree with this new scheme.

C：如果使用形容词最高级、序数词来修饰先行词，就不能用which，只能用that。

E:1：Many people have extraordinary willingness to bombard their brains with new experiences, while others avoid the latest things that they think would make them have the feeling of fear.

Eg2：The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.

D：以下情况只能使用that，先行词有the only, the very, the same, the right，all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修饰。

Eg1：Travelling exposes the students to a variety of cultures and natural beauty by themselves, the very experience that school education cannot provide to them.
Eg2：Every child that has auditory deficit would have difficulty in learning to reach the maximum potential.

E：如果主句以特殊问句which开头，一般用that而不用which。

Eg：Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?

F：如果关系代词用来指示人，可以用that和who但是不能用which。

Eg：In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those that are adequately prepared and highly qualified can make full use of them.

G：固定句式例如强调句It is ... that ...不能用which取代。
Eg：It is the lack of financial incentive that is responsible for the shortage of talents in the athletic field.

原因二、定语从句使用方法正确但是不懂得定语从句的高分用法。建议雅思考生可以尝试将用非谓语动词修饰先行词。

Eg1：这是同学们的常见句式：Those people who strongly support capital punishment have the following reasons.改写很简单，将who去掉，动词变成ing形式修饰先行词，Those people strongly supporting capital punishment have the following reasons.

Eg2：我们可以这样使用定语从句：The buildings that were knocked down several years ago are with neither financial nor aesthetic values.也可以优化使用，将that去掉，从句的谓语动词变成过去分词。The buildings knocked down several years ago are with neither financial nor aesthetic values.

Eg3：表示完成时态的定语从句：The forest and bush that have been cleared for agriculture are now suffering from soil erosion.可以将that去掉，have变成having，不涉及主被动关系。The forest and bush having been cleared for agriculture are now suffering from soil erosion.

       想要雅思写作拿高分，同学们并不一定要标奇出新，使用擅长的定语从句，只要用法得当，并且能够优化使用，一样可以取得高分，对于雅思写作一直徘徊不前的学生来说，句式重要，而更重要的是灵活运用。